Causes Of Global Poverty - 1031 Words

A large percentage of the world’s population is affected by poverty, out of that percentage over three billion people live on less then $2.50 a day(cite) John Kenneth Galbraith says that, People are poverty stricken when their income, even if adequate for survival, falls markedly behind that of their community. CITE THIS What is poverty? Poverty is defined in Websters Dictionary as a lack of money or material possessions(cite) Behind the scene of poverty, there is hunger, lack of shelter, being sick and not being able to seek for healthcare. People living in poverty face many challenges such as, poor nutrition, poor education system, and inadequate housing. Global Poverty is caused by many factors, which include, but are not†¦show more content†¦In South Asia particularly southern and western India are considered to be areas where the worst chronic poverty occurs with over capacity of human population putting countries in jeopardy. These countries are not able to escape poverty as it occurs as a cycle from countries within and has been for decades. Food, housing, and water are not the only basic needs that lack in poverty; there is a basic set of systems that form the normal civilization in developed countries more than in developing countries. From research that’s been shown, in developing countries they lack education, healthcare, and political system to build the community together. To countries where every day struggles turn into a hunger game, getting education was the only escape for the children but sometimes the struggle hinders so deep it winds down at the bottom of the priority list. Education creates hope for the children and provides them with basic skills of how to read, communicate, write, and expose them to unknown materials outside of their world. As important as education is around the world, in a particular part of the world education families cannot afford a proper education due to lack of a families income. Majority of families who are not able to afford education would send their children out to work by the time they are able to walk and talk. In some areas whereShow MoreRelatedPoverty: Causes of a Global Phenomenon776 Words   |  3 Pages Poverty: Causes of a global phenomenon Overall, world poverty rates continue to stagnate, despite much-heralded growth in China and India. Today the annual median per capita income in developing countries is $3,000, a figure that indicates only modest progress since 1975, when the median income level was about $2,500. Over this same time period, median per capita income in developed countries increased from about $15,000 to more than $25,000 (Poverty reduction and growth: Virtuous and viciousRead MoreAnalyse the Causes of Poverty in the World and Evaluate Attempts to Address It on a Global Scale1391 Words   |  6 PagesAnalyse the Causes of Poverty in the World and Evaluate Attempts to Address it on a Global Scale Poverty is the state of being extremely poor and being inferior in quality. Nearly half of the world’s population, nearly 3 billion people, live on less than two dollars a day and the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of the poorest 48 nations is less than the wealth of the world’s three richest people combined. Poverty can be caused by many issues particularly social and economic reasons. There haveRead MoreThe Effects Of Food Security On A Global Level1132 Words   |  5 PagesIn trying to answer the question, can poverty be eliminated, there are many different ways to address the subject of poverty. For purposes of this research, poverty is going to be looked at from the perspective of food security on a global level. ARS Food Security Research: USDA ARS. (2016) states that food security is defined as when all people at all times have access to sufficient, safe, nutritious food to maintain a healthy and active life. Food security includes the physical and economic ac cessRead MoreExtreme Poverty : Chronic Poverty Essay1613 Words   |  7 PagesExtreme Poverty Nathan Larson Northcentral Technical College â€Æ' Introduction ïÆ'Ëœ What is Extreme Poverty? What if you had a chance to save a person? Most would react quickly if given the chance to save another life especially a child’s life. In fact, it is estimated that 16,000 under the age of five die every day due to causes associated with extreme poverty. That is nearly 750 children an hour. The causes of the deaths include insufficient nutrition, lack of access to clean water, no health careRead MoreWhich Do You Think Would Help The Citizens Of The WorldS Poorest Nations More, Increasing Foreign Aid Or Removing All The Agricultural Tariffs And Subsidies?1069 Words   |  4 Pagestariffs and subsidies? The latter would help them more. Heres why, in researching global poverty one can come across startling statistics, e.g. almost half the people in the world live on less than $2.50 a day (Shah, 2011), 1 out of every 2 children live in poverty (Shah, 2010); speaking of children, 1 child will die every 4 seconds due to poverty, easily preventable diseases and illnesses, and other related causes (Shah, 2010), the GDP of the 41 Heavily Indebted Poor Countries is less than the wealthRead MoreThe Causes of World Hunger1658 Words   |  7 PagesThe causes of world hunger are at once intimidatingly complex and stunningly simple, depending on the underlying ideological assumptions which inform ones approach to the problem. For the uninformed, the cause of world hunger might seem to be quite obvious, because the concept of hunger is ostensibly simple; being hungry means a lack of food, so world hunger must be caused either by a lack of food on a global scale or overpopulation. Put another way, the easy answer to the question of world hungerRead MoreEssay about How World Poverty is Changing the Human Race609 Words   |  3 PagesPoverty is an epidemic which has created a huge dent to human race. More than 50% of the world population lives on less than $2.50 a day. People can’t provide even one proper meal to their children. The income differentials are w idening across the globe. What are we doing to reduce this widening? What are we doing to eliminate this menace of poverty? Why can’t we produce enough food for everyone? Why can’t everyone have a proper shelter? Is it the greed in us, the cause for it? Why can’t weRead MorePoverty As A Social Problem1739 Words   |  7 Pages Poverty as a Social Problem Magdalena Brania Mrs. Kropf May 27, 2015 Poverty is inscribed in the history of the world, but it is not inherent fate of every human being. It is also not related to the human nature, which does not mean that it can not be due to its nature. All communities experience it, with a greater or lesser extent way causing psychological and sociological conflicts. Society who have to deal with poverty is not only from undeveloped countries, but also developedRead MoreThe World Poverty Runs Rampant1454 Words   |  6 Pagesscary basement locked in darkness. Yet, poverty remains abstract, unknown, and even unfathomable to most. Across the world poverty runs rampant as 3 billion people live on less than $2.50 per day and more than 1.3 billion live in extreme poverty on less than $1.50 per day. These are not abstracts, but facts so let me repeat myself, 1.3 billion people, part of the human race whose DNA contain the same sequences as everyone on this planet live in extreme poverty; where food, medical treatment, and cleanRead MoreP overty and Diseases in Sub-Saharan African Countries: Local and Global Solutions1225 Words   |  5 PagesPoverty causes diseases, and diseases result in poverty; a satanic circle where once someone got in, s/he would be captured as a prisoner. There is an Arabic expression that states, if the cause is known, the surprise is blown. If we get to know the various causes of poverty, we can take a long stride towards reducing tropical diseases that are prevalent in many poor countries. Things would look clearer if causal mechanisms behind the persistent increase of poverty in those countries were known

The Key Resources, Capabilities, And Core Competencies Of...

Choose a Multinational firm of your choice and Identify and critically analyse the key resources, capabilities, and core competencies of the firm. How difficult is it for competitors to emulate your organization’s resources, capabilities, and core competencies? A multinational firm generally refers as multinational enterprise. Multinational enterprise are organizations, typically large international companies that own business in multiple countries or regions other than the home country. (Roger Sugden, 2000) Those companies have offices, factories or branches in different countries or regions. There is usually a headquarters to coordinate global management. Apple Inc. has succeeded in creating great value in the highly competitive PC industry through innovation and forging to differentiate their products from the industry’s biggest competitors considerably by selecting from these competitions focus on quality, design, and superior customer service. However, although Apple has created itself an advantage in living inside the industry and other external factors that constitute a formidable challenge, the PC market is becoming increasingly commoditized, resulting in between rivals in the high competitive industry. In accordance with brilliant strategic practitioner Steve Jobs, Apple’s key resources and capabilities are the industry- leading design team, talented software and hardware engineers. By a fairly research and development (RD) budget, Apple can support theirShow MoreRelatedIs Innovation A Competitive Advantage?993 Words   |  4 Pagesothers ought to emulate for they recognize that to do business, as Peter Drucker prompt in an exceedingly recent Harvard Business review article, â€Å"Every firm—not simply businesses—needs one core competence: innovation.† Innovation offers the companies a competitive advantage. Presently and within the future, more than any time in history, the key to competitive advantage is innovation. However innovation will facilitate businesses meet all of their strategic challenges, not simply competition; toRead MoreCore Competencies and Competitive Advantages1680 Words   |  7 PagesCore Competencies A core competency is a concept in management theory originally advocated by CK Prahalad, and Gary Hamel, two business book writers. In their view a core competency is a specific factor that a business sees as being central to the way it, or its employees, works. It fulfills three key criteria: 1. It is not easy for competitors to imitate. 2. It can be re-used widely for many products and markets. 3. It must contribute to the end consumers experienced benefits. C.K. Prahalad andRead MoreConcept Of Sustainable Competitive Advantage1610 Words   |  7 Pagesrelation to Core Competencies, Resources, and Capabilities Word Count: [ ] This article explains the concept of sustainable competitive advantage, the relationship between strategic management and the four specific factors in relation to core competencies, resources and capabilities. It encompasses the Issues relating to competitive performance, and a critical view on how acknowledgement of these issues enables managers to gain an edge over other competing firms. According to Resource based approachRead MoreCompetitive Advantage By Michael Porter975 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"Competitive advantage grows out of value a firm is able to create for its buyers that exceeds the firm s cost of creating it.† (Porter, 1985) The concept provided a new paradigm for looking at the role of competition in firm’s success or failure in the long term. The succinct definition encapsulates number of related concepts that help firms identify and analyze their competitive advantage. In normal parlance, competitive advantage is described as the advantage a firm ha s that helps it get ahead of competitorsRead MoreHow Does the Development of Core Competencies Provide Both Advantages and Disadvantages for an Organisation?1642 Words   |  7 Pagesdevelopment of core competencies provide both advantages and disadvantages for an organisation? What steps can managers take to prevent core competencies becoming core rigidities?† In today’s world competition among firms becomes globalized and more intense. In order to become superiorly competitive, companies should enhance its competencies in a way that will allow them to achieve dominant position in a market. One way of accomplishing it is by development of core competencies. Competencies are consideredRead MoreWal Mart s Core Competencies Essay1649 Words   |  7 Pagesrecognises the importance of Resource Based View (RBV) in strategic management. This paper attempts to identify Wal-Mart’s core competencies, applying RBV literature such as VRIO framework with supporting evidence from â€Å"Wal-Mart Stores in 2003† case study. RBV suggests that each firm acquires a collection of capabilities, which can be mobilised by strategists to gain competitive advantage (McGee et al., 2005). In other words, a firm can be viewed as a bundle of resources, which are the drivers of strategyRead MoreDoes Sustainable Competitive Advantage Exists? Essay1 502 Words   |  7 Pagesboth short-term and long-term SCA through use of specific examples. A summary of key issues and findings will provide the basis for developing logical conclusions and implications for businesses. Findings In relation to marketing, â€Å"competition is the process by which independent sellers vie with each other for customers in a market† (Weitz, 1985) and due to all products and services having potential substitutes firms will constantly be confronted with competition while making their offering (WeitzRead MoreSwot Analysis : Toyota Company1298 Words   |  6 Pagesstrong concentrate on innovative work, extensive production and distribution system, serving around the world and strong revenues and profits. Weaknesses Weaknesses of Toyota Company are product recalls could influence brand picture, declining deals in key geographic sections, poor allocation of assets when contrasted with associates, Toyota has low return on equity (ROE) and return on assets (ROA) compared to its peer companies. Opportunities The opportunities of Toyota Company are growing worldwideRead MoreCore Competence for Sustainable Competitive Advantage5043 Words   |  21 Pages49, NO. 1, FEBRUARY 2002 Core Competence for Sustainable Competitive Advantage: A Structured Methodology for Identifying Core Competence Khalid Hafeez, YanBing Zhang, and Naila Malak Abstract—Core competencies are the crown jewels of a company and, therefore, should be carefully nurtured and developed. Companies can determine their future business directions based on the strengths of competencies. However, because generalized terms such as resource, asset, capability, and competence are not clearlyRead MoreStarbucks Tangible Assets1698 Words   |  7 Pagestext, the resource-based view emphasizes the internal capabilities of the organization in formulating strategy to achieve a sustainable competitive advantage. The resources are divided into different categories. The first category is the tangible resources. These are the physical assets that an organization possesses. They include human resources, physical resources and financial resources. There are also intangible resources, which range from the intellectual resources of the firm to its reputation

Logistics Management Pertaining to Samsung

Question: Describe about the Logistics Management for Pertaining to Samsung. Answer: Introduction: Report outline and purpose: The current report focuses towards analysing the logistical management pertaining to Samsung. The core functional area of Samsung has been thoroughly evaluated using logistical theories followed by gathering insights into it. The primary purpose of the report is to review the core functional and operational areas of the company. Moreover, analysis of the efficiency of prevailing order processing mechanism in Samsung has been undertaken in conjugation with prevalent theories regarding logistics management. This is to be followed by dissemination of inventory management policies concerning the company and evaluating the degree of affirmation that such processes have with academic models and theories regarding inventory management. Background of Samsung: Samsung Electronics is engaged in manufacturing and providing mobile devices and electronic appliances on a worldwide basis with consumer base in nearly every economy of the world. The company is headquartered in Suwon, South Korea and is considered the second most valuable technology company in the world in terms of revenue and market capitalization (Samsung Electronics, 2016). The logistics pertaining to the company is of the largest in the world with manufacturing and assembly plants located over 82 countries. The company has accelerated its degree of diversification in the consumer electronics market. Thereby, despite being the market leader in the mobile and smart phone market, it has considerable market shares in electronic gadgets and appliances. The company is renowned for its innovativeness and the quantum of emphasis it puts upon providing consumers with cutting edge technology at affordable price. The company primarily targets young professionals through product innovativeness and attractive product designs (Samsung Electronics, 2016). The positioning of the company has been made in the consumer electronics market in a manner that the marketing strategy and taglines of the marketing and promotional campaigns varies on a product-to-product basis. Moreover, the company does not target specific market segments but to primarily cater to the technologically well-informed high-income group along with upper-middle income groups. Analysis on functional areas using logistics theories: Christopher, Magrill Wills (2013) stated that the correlation and co-ordination between the production process and that of its logistics management results in driving the revenue generation capability. The inbound logistics pertaining to Samsung tends to have a direct effect upon the production of the company. Moreover, in terms of value chain analysis, it can be construed that production process is of utmost relevance as the largest contributor in creating value pertaining to the product. The logistics management process pertaining to large-scale manufacturing firms undertake a context based approach for resolving issues pertaining to logistics. Moreover, Bowersox, Carter Monczka (2013) stated that for mitigating the degree of complexity pertaining to the production processes, it is pertinent that the supply chain management (SCM) process is merged or aligned to that of the product process. In case of Samsung, the mobile division is subjected to numerous set of allotments pertaining to the different models. Each set of production is customized to take into account the prospective demand for the product and the degree of complexity that relates to the production of that product. The production run is short owing to the dynamism of the electronic industry and the overall production costs are kept low through minimising of overhead costs. In case of accounting, logistics management is complemented by the different set of accounting frameworks that synthesises the data pertaining to supply chain. For instance, in case of inventory management, use of Last in First out (LIFO) and First in First out (FIFO) facilitates in determination of the inventory turnovers. Moreover, in case of deriving upon the number of batches that are to be ordered in case of inbound logistics, Economic Order Quantity (EOQ) is relevant (Rushton, Croucher Baker, 2014). In the case of Samsung, the sales forecasts pertaining to the sales of its different products are utilised for determination of the EOQ and the inventory turnovers in each of its inbound and outbound logistics are evaluated using accounting methods. The assimilation of the marketing plan with that of the logistical management results towards facilitating in framing and implementation of tactical plan, which is consumer centric. The marketing plan pertaining to Samsung is intertwined with that of its logistics management (Samsung Electronics, 2016). This is done so that when the marketing of a certain product is made the logistics concerning the product is fine-tuned for the prospective increase in the demand of the product. The promotion pertaining to Samsungs products is comprised of pull strategy. Thereby, the logistics requires ensuring that the demands of the retailers are met appropriately. Moreover, it is pertinent to note that the logistics shall comprise of providing products to retailers. Marketing of logistics using the 4Ps: Price- The price drivers needs to be recognized in the marketing logistics. The logistical cost structure and the discount for volume impacts the price that the customers will pay for the services and goods. The other factors driving cost is the carrier pricing that is the shipping cost which is based on the weight, size and distance where the items would be shipped. Product- The goal regarding the product aspect of marketing of logistics is about the on time delivery, filing the order and zero damage and precise invoicing. The packaging should be such that there is no damage. The product proliferation is attributable to the mass customization which helps in providing the product with personalized designs at affordable price. The display and promotional packs contribute to the product proliferation which increases costs. Promotion- The logistics follows the pull and push promotional strategies in order to get the product to its target market. The products are placed in front of the consumers using the push strategy and pull strategy is intended to stimulate the demand and motivate the customers to seek the specific product. The logistics of Samsung make use of pull strategy. Place- The logistics must be executed in a way that the customers and the location of the warehouse and factory impacts the logistics operation by reducing or increasing the costs. The operation of the logistics either through the retail or wholesale determines the price. Analysis of order processing system: Vlad Pavel (2016) mentions that for company with large set of clients the initial processing system shall be required to facilitate the ordering of all types of product that the company is offering. Thereby, in the context of Samsung, the ordering mechanism is kept simple for arriving at the figures pertaining to inbound logistics. The quantum of inbound logistics are computed after taking into account the forecasted demand for a particular product that is arrived at through the data analytics by Samsung. The company places a buy now button at its website for facilitating ease of transactions. The processing of an order at Samsung entails selecting of the type of devices that the consumers require ordering. Further, apart from a separate portal for facilitating placing of an order, Samsung provides a toll free number so that consumer can directly have a telephonic conversation with the executive of Samsung (Samsung Electronics, 2016). Moreover, such executives have trained at assisting clients for making up their decisions pertaining to which product and at what quantity are to be provided. The consumers pertaining to the product are provided an online cart in which they can gather all the products that they are seeking and a final checkout button have been placed at the side of the order button. Through the checkout button, the payment gateway can be accessed that facilitates in making online payment. Figure 1: Order Processing System (Source: Bowersox, Carter Monczka, 2013) In terms of orders that are primarily tax exempt, the proceedings of such orders cannot be made online and the customer care service executives at Samsung Electronics always validate such transactions. The payments of the order are made through utilising Visa, MasterCard and American Express amongst others online fund transfer mechanisms. The company has a policy of not charging its consumers prior to shipping of the logistics. The clients location plays a significant role in terms of order processing. The placed orders are the placed onto assembly factories. The inventories from inbound logistics are deployed for assembling for the order and the production process takes into account the order quantity and runs its processes accordingly. The finished batch of products are then shifted to warehouse wherefrom outbound logistics are prepared. In terms of facilities regarding tracking of an order, the clients are able to track their shipments through the different stages and distribution hubs that their ordered product goes through. Moreover, such tracking facilitates in real time evaluation of the logistical processes that each order is going through. The initial processing of order is done within a 48 hours period and thereby Samsung does not delay in face-lifting streamlined order processing. The company further provides clients towards opening an account at Samsung.com. The account acts as a vantage point through which the clients are notified regarding the status of their shipments (Samsung Electronics, 2016). Moreover, the summary of their billings, online receipts of bill payment as well as displays of notification are also made through the individual accounts. In case of damaged product or delivery of wrong product, the company provides cash back or replacement offers and has a separate logistics functions that tak es into account the inbound logistics. The probable recommendation pertaining to Samsungs logistical mechanism is to note the fact that company requires opening up a web-chat service for its clients. Moreover, the clarity as regards to Samsungs order requires to be enhanced through using data analytics. The toll free number that the company provides remains inadequate for communication and Samsung needs to come up better set of communication mediums for handling the client grievances. Analysis of inventory management: Ellram, La Londe Weber (2013) stated that inventory management tend to play a significant role in facilitating production processes and minimising obsolescence. Moreover, Myerson, P. (2012) stated that inventory management pertaining to a manufacturing firm displays the companys ability to organise its supplies along with sorting out its outbound products. In case of Samsung, it can be construed that the companys inventory management is highly complex in nature owing to the number of product that the company deals with. Moreover, the variations pertaining to each product such the different models of smartphones offered by Samsung, LCDs will different sizes and resolution makes it even complex for the company for tracking and maintaining of inventories. The demand for Samsungs products is significant as compared to other electronic brands sans Apple Corporation. The high demand is reciprocated through large inventory turnover and thereby Samsung maintains over 80 manufacturing hubs a round the globe for meeting the demand for their products (Samsung Electronics, 2016). The reorder point is determined through the forecasts pertaining to a certain device based upon its promotional campaign and initial response to the product by its consumer. Thereby, economic order quantity (EOQ) is derived through using the forecasted demand. A safety stock of over 5% is to be kept for meeting the demand for the product in case the production is disrupted or demand for the product has grown exponentially. The inventory levels pertaining to each manufacturing hub are under constant monitoring in order to mitigate any issues arising out of shortage, production issues or assemblage disruptions. The organization has the inventory policy system of fixed order quantity and this helps in keeping the stock level at fairly stable level. In order to achieve the desired level of inventory, the orders are placed for the quantities that can vary with the number of order received. This makes the management of the inventory and helps in monitoring and replenishing the stock. Rushton, Croucher Baker (2014) mentioned in the context of inventory management, the relevance of aligning the stock levels with that of the demand for the product is essential so as to prevent any forms of consumer grievances. Since the re-order quantity is not the optimum forecast mechanism, thereby the EOQ is revised periodically for adjusting the reorder quantity in accordance with the present scenario of demand. Moreover, on occasions, the inventory levels may go down below the safety stock levels, this is owing to the thriving demand that the product displays and when such demand is unanticipated. In such occasions, the reorder quantity varies to take into consideration the replenishment of safety stock along with the inventory assimilated through sales forecasts. The reviewing of inventory are done each day from real time tracking since the inventory turnover of Samsung is unmatched by many consumer electronics manufacturer. Conclusion: Logistics management plays a significant role towards enhancement of growth prospects for each manufacturing firm. This is owing to the fact that inventory management policies that takes into account prospective demand for the product and thereby maintains inventory based upon it mitigates over or under stocking. The amalgamation of marketing policy and logistics management is relevant owing to the fact that such assimilation may result in development of tactical plans pertaining to the product. Moreover, accounting plays a significant role towards ensuring that the databases pertaining to inventory management are assimilated and maintained. Moreover, the primary framework for inventory management has arisen out of accounting and thereby the role of accounting remains intertwined with inventory management. Samsung essentially processes an order within 48 hours. The customers are provided with an official account and through which they can facilitate the tracking of orders. Samsung ke eps a detailed tracking of each order that has been placed from the initial order processing to the outbound logistics from the manufacturing hub for ensuring that each order is processed in due time. The safety stock is kept at around 5% margin as can be gauged by the electronic industry standards coupled with the fact that Samsung inventory turnover is high. The computations pertaining to reorder quantity or EOQ are revised on a periodical basis in order to ensure that the stock levels reflect the current demand for Samsungs product. References and Bibliography: Bowersox, D. J., Carter, P. L., Monczka, R. M. (2013). Materials logistics management.International Journal of Physical Distribution Logistics Management. Christopher, M. (2016).Logistics supply chain management. Pearson Higher Ed. Christopher, M., Peck, H. (2012).Marketing logistics. Routledge. Christopher, M., Magrill, L., Wills, G. (2013). Educational development for marketing logistics.International Journal of Physical Distribution Logistics Management. de Souza, C. D. R., Mrcio de Almeida, D. A. (2013). Value chain analysis applied to the scrap tire reverse logistics chain: An applied study of co-processing in the cement industry.Resources, Conservation and Recycling,78, 15-25. Ellram, L. M., La Londe, B. J., Weber, M. M. (2013). Retail logistics.International Journal of Physical Distribution Logistics Management. Fleischmann, B., van Nunen, J. A., Speranza, M. G., Sthly, P. (Eds.). (2012).Advances in distribution logistics(Vol. 460). Springer Science Business Media. Hollensen, S. (2015).Marketing management: A relationship approach. Pearson Education. Holweg, M., Helo, P. (2014). Defining value chain architectures: Linking strategic value creation to operational supply chain design.International Journal of Production Economics,147, 230-238. Leong, G. K., Tan, K. C., Wisner, J. D. (2012). Principles of supply chain management: A balanced approach. LU, C., YANG, L., ZHANG, L., CHEN, Y. Y., Xin, J. H. (2013). Calculation and Control of Enterprise Implicit Logistics Cost.Logistics Engineering and Management,7, 017. Myerson, P. (2012).Lean supply chain and logistics management. McGraw Hill Professional. Pal, R., Hemil, J., Paras, M. K., Sandberg, E. (2016). Creating value through reverse logistics in a multi-echelon used clothing chain. In21st International Symposium on Logistics (ISL 2016)(pp. 419-429). Rushton, A., Croucher, P., Baker, P. (2014).The handbook of logistics and distribution management: Understanding the supply chain. Kogan Page Publishers. Rushton, A., Croucher, P., Baker, P. (2014).The handbook of logistics and distribution management: Understanding the supply chain. Kogan Page Publishers. Samsung Electronics (2016). Samsung Electronics. Retrieved 4 December 2016, from https://www.samsung.com/us/support Vlad, F., Pavel, C. (2016). THE ORGANIZATION OF LOGISTICS FUNCTIONS IN INDUSTRIAL ENTERPRISES.Quaestus, (9), 82. Zhu, G., Zhu, Z. F., Zhao, J., Zhu, Y. Q. (2015). Creative Distribution Mode Design of Terminal Logistics Based on New Technological Environment. InAdvanced Materials Research(Vol. 1073, pp. 2390-2397). Trans Tech Publications.

Robert Browning Essay Example

Robert Browning Essay Robert browning was a poet writing from 1812 to 1889. In his poem, My Last Duchess, there is a story of love and loss told to us by a single narrator, the Duke. This dramatic monologue talks of the marriage of Alfonzo Duke of Ferrara and the fourteen year old daughter of the Medici household, in Italy, 1558. We obtain a direct insight in to the thoughts of our monologist, regarding his relationship with the girl in question, as he tells his story to whom we later come to assume is the envoy acting on behalf of a Count, in whos daughter the Duke has shown an interest.The Duke first introduces us to the lady in question in his referral to her as My last Duchess. Immediately we learn that the Duchess may no longer be his Duchess, for reason unknown at this point in the poem. We can also gather that the Duke views the lady as a possession, indicative in his speaking of, My last Duchess, followed with, painted on the wall. I feel that to paint someone is to capture and keep them as a memo ry, or to freeze them as an object, in the sense that you can transform a person in to a muse at which to look at, in to a thing of pure aesthetic beauty, without the portrayal of possible protest or strife that may be present in true life. I believe the latter thought to be very relevant in the Dukes way of thinking regarding his wife.For as we read on it becomes clear that the Duke has quite a collection of artwork; possibly a materialistic nature and a love of collecting both art and beauty. I believe that his view of women is as an aesthetic bonus to adorn his life, and it is interesting that he seems more inclined to have beauty hanging on his walls than on his arm. Already, at only line 1 we have gathered an image of the Duke as a possessive and materialistic character. To enhance the suggestion of the Duke as a character interested in beauty, we are aware of the girl being only fourteen years old. The Duke was known to be older than her, introducing the idea of corruption of innocence, alongside that of purity and beauty associated with a young girl.Taking this idea of purity to later on in the poem, finds the Duke describing the Duchess to the second party, Twas not her husbands presence only, called that spot Of joy into the Duchesss cheek. This can be interpreted in different ways; as indication that this Duchess was flirtatious in nature and possibly provocative in behaviour, or that in her innocence she became shy in other company and in response to compliment, blushed, and it was not a spot of joy as described by the Duke, but more a blush of embarrassment. Although it is clear that the Duke believes her to have been flirtatious with other men. He tries to depict this by saying she had a heart too soon made glad. The phrase Too easily impressed introduces also the idea of the young Duchesss naivety, which supports the idea that she was not flirtatious, simply young and un used to flattery. In adding this new information to the characteristics we h ave already gathered, the Duke appears to be a jealous man, and I find the way he speaks holds a sarcastic and patronising air. For example, A heart how shall I say? I imagine to be said in such a way where sarcasm is emphasised.In line 19 we hear the first mention of death up until this point in the poem, Half flush that dies along the throat. I find this line rather sinister, and unnecessary in this context. Although the Duke is quoting the man that painted his wife, Fra Pandolf, I took this quote as the Dukes version of the painters words, as opposed to the original dialect. Though we are not aware of his wifes fate at this point in the poem, I feel that this mention of death can be closely linked to the way in which Porphyria was killed in Brownings poem, Porphyrias lover. The men in the poems are both relatively similar jealous characters, one of which kills his lover Porphyria by strangling her, using her hair. And all her hair In one yellow string I wound Three times her lit tle throat around, And strangled her.The reference to death and the throat in this poem, My last Duchess, seem remarkably indicative of similar murder, and possibly the Duke cannot keep this murder entirely quiet, so is voicing it subtly through the words of another so as not to arouse suspicion. In addition to the already given evidence of the Dukes materialistic nature, at line 33 we hear him say, As if she ranked my gift of a nine-hundred-years-old name with anybodys gift. He is obviously shocked that the Duchess sees his nine hundred year old name to be of little value, equal to that of gifts she received from others, and feels that she undervalued him. This portrays the Duchess to be far less materialistic than the Duke, although this may be due to her young age. Browning also uses the idea of class to create separation between the lovers, in Porphyrias Lover, as he does here with the mention of the Dukes high social status. In Porphyrias lover, Browning gives the implication t hat Porphyria is of higher class than her lover, through the idea of dress, i.e. Withdrew the dripping cloak hair fall, creating an even more defined difference by creating the idea that Porphyria has been to a social dinner before returning to lover, Nor could tonights gay feast restrain.The Duke is honest at one particular point in the poem, (lines 35-39), when he says to the envoy, Even had you skill in speech the mark. Here he is saying that he did not have the lingual skills to voice his disgust to her or to say that he found her behaviour difficult, but even if he had been able to do so, he had decided not to stoop, or to relent, thus making it unlikely that there would have been change in the final outcome of their relationship. The Duke makes regular referral to his wifes behaviour with other men, Oh sir, she smiled, no doubt, Wheneer I passed her; but who passed without Much the same smile, implying that yes, his wife did smile at him, but she smiled at everyone in the same manner. This clearly annoyed the Duke and caused him to feel resentful towards the Duchess.It is here, at line 45 in the poem that we learn a little bit more as to where his wife is now. This grew; I gave commands; then all smiles stopped together. There she stands As if alive. We now know for definite that the Duchess is dead, and we are also given hints that it may have been so on the Dukes commands, although this particular line is an ellipsis so we are never given the guarantee that the Duchess was killed by her lover, as we are in Porphyrias lover, I wound three times her little throat around, And strangled her. The Duke goes on to say how she stands as if she were alive, obviously referring to the painting that is still in front of them. His speech does not sound grieved, and he is talking to a character that may help him in his search for a new wife, although we have no indication as to how long it has been since the death of his last Duchess. Having made the Duchesss appare nt flaws obvious to those listening, in talking about her flirtatious nature and implied infidelity, the Duke sounds almost proud to have her in a painting, i.e. Willt thou please sit and look at her? More proud, in fact, than he portrays himself to have been when she was alive. It seems that in her death he feels relieved to finally have the control he wanted over her, but could never get whilst she was alive. Through having the Duchess painted, the Duke has been able to keep her aesthetic beauty which pleased him and rid himself of her personality which he obviously found trying.In the closing lines of the poem, (lines 47-56), the Duke talks to the envoy of the Count in a controlling and dominant way, Willt please you rise? Well meet the company below. Finalising our image of the Duke as a character; possessive, materialistic, jealous and controlling. He goes on to talk of the Counts daughter, confirming his interest in her, and showing that there is definite method in his madness a potential prosperous marriage. Talking of this girl he says, Though his fair daughters self, as I avowed At starting, is my object. The monologists desperation for control is demonstrative in the very last lines, when he says Notice Neptune, though, Taming a sea-horse, thought a rarity Which Claus of Innsbruck cast in bronze for me! Neptune is the well known God of the seas, an idol of great power, and possessor of nature, represented through the sea-horse in this context. The Duke wants to dominate everything small and beautiful- both characteristics that he finds in women, he craves masculine domination over the females in his life. I also found the quote about cast in bronze interesting, as this is good supporting evidence for my theory regarding the Dukes desire to capture and keep things of aesthetic beauty, or to freeze them as an object.This poem is written in a way that portrays the monologists state of mind. The use of caesura in the poem demonstrates the Dukes nervous and unsure thought pattern, particularly right at the beginning of the poem where perhaps he is not entirely confident in his speech, for example, And seemed as they would ask me, if they durst. This broken speech seems particularly prominent when he is talking directly of the Duchess, from lines 31 to 46 when he is talking of her quite intimately, and of her death, indicative of foul play as he becomes more nervous. I do not feel it can be due to grief he feels in talking of her. Immediately when he ceases to talk about her and begins to talk of the Counts daughter, the use of enjambment is more common, as in lines 49 to 51, The Count your Masters known munificence is ample warrant that no just pretence Of mine for dowry will be disallowed. This fluent speech in indicative of the calmer state of mind the Duke is in when not talking of his last Duchess. Browning uses Iambic pentameter throughout his poem, along with rhyming couplets, for example, The Count your masters known munific ence Is ample warrant that no just pretence.The mixture of written technique used throughout this dramatic monologue adds irony to the poem, in that the Duke seems to be controlling and craves masculinity, but the caesura used is representative of the anxiety he feels whilst talking about the deceased Duchess, though we presume he was mentally fit to kill her. The poem presents the monologist as a possessive and jealous man who craves control, although I feel that because the Duke is talking to an individual whom he hopes will help him in his pursuit of this next wife, the information he is giving may be a clean version of the true sequence of events that have been manipulated to ensure he does not come off badly. This idea is supported by his constant referral to her flirtatious behaviour, though I find it hard to believe a girl between the ages of fourteen and seventeen, (her age of death), would flirt in such a provocative way in which she was described. As a Duke he would not wa nt to risk his reputation or his chance of attaining what he has been aspiring for a new wife, as whom he has chosen the daughter of the Count of Tyrell. A marriage that would prove prosperous in both his reputation and affluence.

Peculiarities of Using Drama, Improvisation, and Creative Approach

Peculiarities of Using Drama, Improvisation, and Creative Approach Introduction The contemporary society faces the concept of globalisation. As every issue, globalisation has its advantages and drawbacks that cover all sectors of human activity. Cultural issues should be taken into account as well as peculiar features of every language including teachers who would teach certain languages and approaches applicable to different categories of students in terms of age groups, skills for learning a second language, and implementation of those skills into practice. One of the burning issues for the linguistic sector of cultural heritage are the methods used in class for teaching people whose native language is not English. In this respect, drama used in class to facilitate the process of acquiring English language can be effective when all criteria are followed. For instance, active participation should be combined with a thoroughly prepared plan to follow during the class activities.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Peculiarities of Using Drama, Improvisation, and Creative Approach specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The discussion of the effectiveness of drama implementation for second language acquisition will include such issues as theoretical background and adaptation of certain methods for use with second language learners, concepts and strategies used by the great English educator Dorothy Heathcote, training teachers to use drama with second language learners, effectiveness and limitations for implementation of this approach in class. The discussion will exclude explanation of lessons and will not provide examples of plans of lessons for use of drama for more effective second language acquisition. The literature selection is based on the effectiveness and readability of sources and their practical use for the discussion. The review is organised in accordance with an essay structure where an introduction present the scope of the review, the body includes the basic themes for discussion with topic sentences opening each new paragraph, and a conclusion containing a summary of the review with some recommendations for further research and analysis. Historical Background Approach by Dorothy Heathcote Though many researchers present their vision of the second language acquisition process, it is necessary to emphasise the importance of contribution made by a distinguished English educator Dorothy Heathcote. In this respect, this educator can be considered a pioneer in adjusting drama to the class implementation and analysis of the method’s effectiveness and applicability to different settings and categories of learners. Training teachers to use drama Training teachers to use drama in class is very important because a failure can result in inadequate interpretation of information by a student and inadequate assessment of learning efforts by a teacher. In this respect, one of the most brilliant statements by Dorothy Heathcote can be regarded t he following: â€Å"Teaching is creative work† (Heathcote, 1991, p. 26). In other words, the author means that training educators can be considered a part of teaching and an important aspect of implementation of drama for learning.Advertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The teaching-learning activity is analysed as a flow of energy surges by Armstrong-Mills (1997) who shares her personal experience of acquiring knowledge on using drama in class and implementing it with children: â€Å"Whatever was happening seemed to be related to an increase of energy and concern with the events we were making† (p.93). The main idea in this case is that educators learn to do something and then can try those methods and approaches immediately with children in class by implementing theory into practice. In other words, teaching can be considered equally important for educators and learners. Nature of educational drama Drama and its implementation in class is the changing issue that progresses as far as the educational methods and techniques progress every year. As reported by Heathcote (1991), the changes in the use of drama have shifted the emphases from individual learning to improvisation: There has been a shift in direction from an interest in the personal development of the individual pupil, through the acquiring of theatrical and improvisational skills to the recognition of drama as a precise teaching instrument, which works best when it is part of the learning process (p. 42). In this respect, drama can be used in a great variety of ways and treated differently by different educators who support different views on education. So, Cook (1973) suggests a brief but extremely clear explanation of drama as educational method and justifies its use: â€Å"The natural means of study in youth is play [while] a natural education is by practice† (p. 145). In this respect, drama provides educators with an opportunity to teach children in the most effective way that can be used with second language learners as well as with monolingual children (Kao ONeill, 1998, pp. 3-4). In other words, the implementation of drama in class is effective as well as implementation of drama with second language learners. Theories on the issue Theoretical aspect is important in every case, especially in consideration of pedagogical methods and assessment of their effectiveness while implementing into practice. For instance, Swann et al. (1996) analyses the concept of linguistic insecurity experienced by second language learners (p. 189).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Peculiarities of Using Drama, Improvisation, and Creative Approach specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More As suggested by Wagner (2002), gestures, symbols, and other non-verbal means of communication are used by learners at the f irst stage of the acquisition process followed by words and writing. Moreover, the author emphasises the importance of drama combined with certain pressure: â€Å"Improvisational drama is effective because of the repeated pressure it puts on participants to respond† (Wagner, 2002, p. 4). So, drama has been used as an educational method for a long period of time though it was changing along with the educational system as a whole. Historic use of drama for educational purposes has been explored by many researchers. The most important issue, in this respect, was the effectiveness of the method that can be used with learners of different age groups. Understanding and implementation of drama in the classroom are essential steps in the process of acquiring knowledge necessary for effective teaching. Though some researchers may provide evidence for ineffective use of drama as educational method, most educators find this approach rather effective and creative. Defining Drama Drama ca n be defined as a creative activity though it can also be defined as a method of teaching and learning used by creative educators. After having learnt about drama implemented in class, every person would suggest another definition of drama and evaluate its effectiveness for the educational purpose. So, Heathcote (1973) as one of the pioneers of implementation of drama in class has suggested that drama can be considered a potential method of teachers used in class. â€Å"Drama is means of learning, a means of widening experiences even if we never act in a play stand upon a stage† (Heathcote, 1973, p. 158). In this respect, drama can be reported as one of the most effective means of learning and of second language acquisition because second language learners succeed more in their learning when drama is implemented in class.Advertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Drama can be defined as result or as process; every meaning would adequately characterise the nature of drama used for teaching and learning activities. Thus, Wessels (1987) defines drama as doing because it enables both teachers and learners to gain experiences and act in a certain manner (p. 7). Though Shakespeare suggested the idea of theatre and actors applied to ordinary people, it can be effectively implemented for educational purposes. In other words, learning and gaining experience can be considered the integral parts of drama as an educational method. This idea received approval in the study by Heldenbrand (2003) who characterises drama in education as an effective method during which a student acquires knowledge and gains experience of applying the gained knowledge into practice. So, definition of drama depends on its evaluation by the educator. Energy and excitement can be considered essential components of drama in terms of its definition with regard to the implementatio n of drama in class for educational purposes. Thus, Armstrong-Mills (1997) defines drama as a scope of energy surges that are created in the process of acting out some episodes and transmitted to all participants of the action. The same idea can be found in the work by Burke O’Sullivan (2002) who suggest that drama can be characterised as a means of transmitting excitement from a teacher to students with the help of combining action accompanied by a corresponding dialogue. Moreover, it is necessary to support the idea that drama implemented in class is a very exciting and emotional task for both a teacher and students because a teacher should prepare a scenario for students to act out and students should apply improvisational skills to manage to implement the scenario into practice. Concept of Training and Implementing As every approach, drama implemented in class has its strengths and weaknesses. In this respect, the most powerful benefits and potential disadvantages can be analysed in terms of their theoretical background and practical implementation of the method in class. Strengths of implementing drama in TESOL Benefits of implementing drama in classes for second language learners are obvious in terms of knowledge and experienced gained during drama classes. As reported by Furman (1990), drama â€Å"includes all types of human interaction† (p. 2). So, one of the most powerful benefits of drama used in class is its natural implementation. It is natural for people to play some roles and pretend if the situation requires them to do that. In this respect, it is possible to implement informal creative drama where participation is of primary importance in class so that second language learners could acquire language skills more effectively (Furman, 1990, p. 3). Experience and emotions are important elements and absolute advantages of using drama in class. Theoretical benefits Theoretical characteristics of the approach can differ from the results acquired in practice. In this respect, it is necessary to assess theoretical potential of the method contrasted and compared to its practical implementation. As reported by Almond (2005), implementation of drama in class should have a great number of various benefits for students as for teachers (pp.10-17). In other words, teachers have an opportunity to implement into practice what they have been trained for while students can acquire knowledge in a more effective manner. So, both parties concerned can gain experience and be involved into the process. The process of implementation of drama in class can improve and benefits from the use of facial expressions and gestures while acting out some episodes or improvising. The curriculum is an important part of drama implemented in class because it should be adjusted respectively to the needs of students and expectations and plans of educators. The curriculum is considered as a method of engagement of active students in the study by Shie r (2002). When students lack some knowledge and are not able to direct their energy appropriately, they can be engaged via curriculum combined with drama method implemented in class. Another study supporting the idea of curriculum and its combination with drama approach in second language learning is Heathcote (1991), where the author analyses the function of drama in the curriculum and its benefits for use in class. In addition, the study by Maley Duff (2005) attempts to answer the question of importance and usefulness of drama implemented in class and find a great number of skills that can be improved while using drama. For instance, drama â€Å"integrates skills in a natural way,integrates verbal and nonverbal aspects of communication, [transfers] responsibility from teacher to learners†, and some more skills and potential benefits are enumerated by Maley Duff (2005, pp. 1-2). Educational potential of drama as a means of teaching and learning is another important advanta ge in terms of theoretical background for use of drama in class. As reported by Dodson (2002), drama provides learners with an opportunity â€Å"to express themselves in English for a meaningful purpose, going beyond vocabulary and grammar drills† (p. 161). In this respect, it is necessary to encourage students to improvise regardless of language use because learners have to gain language fluency combined with understanding of spoken language. Benefits of use in practice Intelligence and other benefits gained in the course of implementing drama in class can be improved for second language learners because they can become knowledgeable in verbal and nonverbal means of communication used by English speakers. As suggested in the study by Schewe (2002), the intelligence includes multiple intelligences such as linguistic, logical-mathematical, musical, interpersonal, and others (p.74). In this respect, implementation of drama in class enables educators to facilitate the process of language acquisition through improvement of other skills necessary for both verbal and nonverbal communication. As reported by Davies (1990), mime, simulation activity, improvisation, and other activities combined under the main idea of drama can be beneficial for second language learners. At the same time, Heldenbrand (2003) analyses other practical benefits of drama implemented in class. These benefits include the fact that learners can acquire language skills in informal and relaxed environment; new vocabulary and speech patterns are recognised and practiced during acts; positive emotions prevail in the process of acting out episodes which facilitates understanding of information provided. Effective implementation of drama in class is demonstrated in the study by Heathcote (1976) where the author suggests a creative approach to the teaching of basic concepts. Besides, some more benefits can be found in the abovementioned study by Heldenbrand (2003) who characterises drama as a m ethod that helps to acquire knowledge concerning intonation and pronunciation patterns in the process of acting. Moreover, drama makes learners more self-confidence and encourages them to speak fluently; additional motivation provided during drama classes can be considered another great benefit of using it in class. Cultural issues can be treated as both benefits and drawback for drama implemented in class because students with different background information can either manage or fail to understand certain cultural cues properly. The importance of dividing information into two parts presented in the textbook and provided by an educator is emphasised by Liu (2002) who analyses the benefits of drama used in class for second language and foreign language acquisition. Moreover, it is necessary to focus on the overall influence of the method on learners and teachers. Though there are some disadvantages in the process of using this method, it gained recognition and can be implemented mor e effectively all over the world. The drama implementation approach can be used for different activities and different languages. Limitations in Implementing Drama in TESOL The basic limitations that can be emphasised in the process of implementing drama in class include cultural cues and globalisation in terms of mixing cultures and inappropriate cues used by second language learners. In this respect, it is important to analyse theoretical and practical aspects of implementation. Contradictions in educational drama are enlarged on by Moody (2002) who analyses the aspects of drama implemented in class and compares those to real practical approach and its effectiveness. Theoretical disadvantages Though some teachers can be aware of peculiarities typical of different cultures, they may fail to explain the peculiar features of the English-speaking culture to second language learners. Fels McGivern (2002) analyse the intercultural recognition gained through performative inquiry and ass ess its effectiveness for second language learners. So, cultural features can prevent learners form effective acquisition of verbal and nonverbal peculiarities while communicating in English. In addition, â€Å"by linking visceral bodily experience, as both sensorial and somatic, we as teachers guide our students in the complexity of transcultural learning† (Axtmann, 2002, p. 49). In this respect, one of the main challenges can concern the understanding of importance of cultural diversity before implementing drama in class. Limitations of use in practice Practical implementation of theoretical knowledge can be even more challenging and full of unexpected disadvantages than a research conducted on theoretical background. Being scared and being tired of what one has been doing are typical limitations of practical implementation of drama in class, as reported by Wagner (1976, p.18). Sometimes, educators can lack self-confidence necessary to implement a theoretical scenario into practice. This can be even more important in the process of acting out some episodes in class because the teacher should guide students in this activity. As communication is composed of both verbal and nonverbal aspects, it is necessary to analyse the challenges encountered in the process of implementing theory into practice with second language learners. As reported by Culham (2002), nonverbal approach should be used on the equal basis with the verbal one because misunderstandings may arise from lack of knowledge in nonverbal area of communication (p. 95). Teachers can fail to find appropriate materials to use with the drama approach or reaction of class to some moments of the teaching-learning process (Burke O’Sullivan, 2002). The arrangement of lessons in terms of time limitations can be a great challenge as well (Sam, 1990). Conclusion Summary of the review The importance of a method chosen for implementation in class is obvious. The rise of sociolinguistic and approache s used for teaching-learning purposes are related to the globalisation with its benefits and challenges. The use of drama in class can be considered one of the most effective approaches for second language acquisition and relevant problems encountered by learners and educators that teach students with different background, culture and language skills. In this respect, it was necessary to analyse the main contributors to the exploration of drama and its effectiveness with second language learners. Dorothy Heathcote can be considered the pioneer in the activity of implementing drama in class, especially with second language learners and adjustment of curriculum to the needs and expectations of teachers and learners. The consideration of cultural peculiarities can be treated as the challenge of primary importance because nonverbal approach is used in some studies whereas its importance affects the level of language acquisition and fluency of a speaker. Recommendations for further resea rch It can be interesting to analyse the relations between the second- and third-language acquisition in terms of methods and approaches used to facilitate the learning. Moreover, it is necessary to evaluate how different cultures perceive the information while being approached with the help of drama method. In addition, some people can fail to understand that there is a great difference between habits, gestures, emotions, and other cultural and language cues demonstrated by people in the process of communication. Analysis of effectiveness of implementation can be conducted via survey using qualitative method. Reference List Almond, M. (2005). Teaching English with drama. London: Modern English Publishing. Armstrong-Mills, C. (1997). Creative uncertainty: Energy surges in the principles and practice of Dorothy Heathcote. In D. Davis (Ed.), Interactive research in drama in education (pp.93-105). London: Trentham Books. Axtmann, A. (2002). Transcultural performance in classroom learni ng. In G. Brauer (Ed.), Body and language: Intercultural learning through drama (pp. 37-51). Westport, Conn; London: Ablex Publication. Burke, A., O’Sullivan, J. ( 2002). Stage by stage: A handbook for using drama in the second language classroom. Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann. Cook, C. (1973). Drama as playmaking. In J. Hodgson (Ed.), The uses of drama (pp.145-156). London: Taylor Francis. Culham, C. R. (2002). Coping with obstacles in drama based ESL teaching: A nonverbal approach. In G. Brauer (Ed.), Body and language: Intercultural learning through drama (pp.95-113). Westport, Conn; London: Ablex Publication. Davies, P. (1990).The use of drama in English language teaching. TESL Canada Journal, 1(8), 87-99. Dodson, S. L. (2002). The educational potential of drama for ESL. In G. Brauer (Ed.), Body and language: Intercultural learning through drama (pp.161-180). Westport, Conn; London: Ablex Publication. Fels, L., McGivern, L. (2002). Intercultural recognitions through perfor mative inquiry. In G. Brauer (Ed.), Body and language: Intercultural learning through drama (pp.19-37). Westport, Conn; London: Ablex Publication. Furman, L. (1990). Creative drama handbook and role play guide. Denver, Colorado: Pioneer Drama Service, Inc. Heathcote, D. (1973). Drama as challenge. In J. Hodgson (Ed.), The uses of drama (pp.156-166 ). London: Taylor Francis. Heathcote, D. (1976). From drama as a process for change. In R. Drain (Ed.), (1995), Twentieth-century theatre: A sourcebook (pp. 199-201). London: Routledge. Heathcote, D. (1991). Collected writings on education and drama L. Johnson C. O’Neill (Eds.). Evanston, Illinois: Northwestern University Press. Heldenbrand, B. (2003). Drama techniques in English language learning. The Korea TESOL Journal. 6(1), 27-35. Kao, S.-M., ONeill, C. (1998). Words into worlds: Learning a second language through process drama. London: Greenwood Publishing Group. Liu, J. (2002). Process drama in second- and foreign-language classrooms. In G. Brauer (Ed.), Body and language: Intercultural learning through drama (pp. 51-70). Westport, Conn; London: Ablex Publication. Maley, A., Duff, A. (2005). Drama techniques: a resource book of communication activities for language teachers. 3rd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Moody, D. J. (2002). Undergoing a process and achieving a product: A contradiction in educational drama. In G. Brauer (Ed.), Body and language: Intercultural learning through drama (pp.135-161). Westport, Conn; London: Ablex Publication. Sam, W. Y. (1990). Drama in teaching English as a second language: A communicative approach. The English Teacher, XIX July. Retrieved from melta.org.my/index.php/11-melta-articles/151-drama-in-teaching-english-as-a-second-language-a-communicative-approach Schewe, M. L. (2002). Teaching foreign language literature: Tapping the students’ bodily-kinaesthetic intelligence. In G. Brauer (Ed.), Body and language: Intercultural learning through dram a (pp.73-95). Westport, Conn; London: Ablex Publication. Shier, J. H. (2002). The arts and the foreign-/second-language curriculum: An interdisciplinary approach to actively engage students in their own learning. In G. Brauer (Ed.), Body and language: Intercultural learning through drama (pp.183-207). Westport, Conn; London: Ablex Publication. Swann, J., Deumert, A., Lillis, T., Mesthrie, R. (1996). A dictionary of sociolinguistics. In N. Fitzgibbons (Ed.), Sociolinguistics. Montreal: University of Concordia. Wagner, B. J. (1976). Dorothy Heathcote Drama as a learning medium. Washington: National education Association. Wagner, B. J. (2002).Understanding drama-based education. In G. Brauer (Ed.), Body and language: Intercultural learning through drama (pp.3-18). Westport, Conn; London: Ablex Publication. Wessels, C. (1987). Drama. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Time on Your Hands

Time on Your Hands Time on Your Hands Time on Your Hands By Maeve Maddox For me, January is a time for thinking about time. The month is named for Janus, the Roman god depicted as having two faces. The double visage represents the power to see into the past and the future. Because of this attribute, Janus was the patron of beginnings. Our word time has been in the language since Old English times. It occurs in numerous idioms such as time of day, time-travel, time-keeper, time-limit, about time, and to have a good time. Before any of our British readers object to that last one as a vile Americanism, according to the OED, to have a good time ( = a time of enjoyment) was common in Eng. from c 1520 to c 1688; it was app. retained in America, whence readopted in Britain in 19th c. Another word for time, Greek khronos, has also been put to good use in English in the form of the word elements chron and chrono. Here are just a few, some more useful than others. anachronism: the erroneous reference of an event, circumstance, or custom to a wrong date. For example, Shakespeare’s plays contain numerous anachronisms. In Julius Caesar, set in Roman times, a character counts the chimes of a mechanical clock. References to clothing often indicate that Shakespeare’s actors performed in contemporary Elizabethan garb, no matter what the historical setting of the play. If you want to get really picky, here are some words to narrow down the type of anachronism you mean: parachronism: an error in chronology, esp. the placing of an event later than its real date. Metachronism has the same meaning. prochronism: an error in chronology that places an event earlier in time than its true date. The next three words are used in the study of linguistics. achronic lasting through time, or during the existing period. In linguistics the term means â€Å"pertaining to or designating a method of linguistic study concerned with the historical development of a language; historical, as opposed to descriptive or synchronic.† panchronic: designating or relating to a linguistic structure or theory that may be applied to all languages at all stages of their development. synchronic: pertaining to or designating a method of linguistic study concerned with the state of a language at one time, past or present; descriptive, as opposed to historical or diachronic. Then we have chronic lasting a long time, long-continued, lingering; said of diseases chronicle: a detailed and continuous register of events in order of time. It can also be used as a verb, to chronicle. chronobiology: the scientific study of temporal or periodic phenomena in biology. This is the word that set me off on this theme. I encountered it in a New York Times story: Dr Michael Smolensky, an expert in chronobiology (the study of the bodys natural rhythms and cycles) at the University of Texas at Houston, says that people who live in countries that are cold in winter eat more than they do in warmer seasons: â€Å"Adults typically consume 6 to 7 per cent more calories in the winter.† chronological: arranged according to time dendrochronology: the science of arranging events in the order of time by the comparative study of the annual growth rings in (ancient) timber. isochron: a line (imaginary or on a map) connecting points at which some chosen time interval has the same value. Planning a complex novel might lead a writer to make a chart with isochrons. monochronic: relating to or dating from a single period of time. pseudochronism: Obs. rare a false dating; an error in date. synchronicity: Carl Jung used this word to name the phenomenon of events which coincide in time and appear meaningfully related but have no discoverable causal connection. synchronize: To cause to be, or represent as, synchronous; to assign the same date to; to bring together events, etc. belonging to the same time. I’ll always associate this word with old movies. The plan requires each member of a group to perform separate actions at the same moment. Before initiating the plan, the leader of the good guys gives the command, â€Å"Synchronize your watches!† Some more ‘time† expressions in English: Time, Gentlemen, Please More â€Å"chron† words Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:100 Mostly Small But Expressive InterjectionsAt Your Disposal20 Ways to Cry

Business Writing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Business Writing - Essay Example I have been able to first address the problem of a complaining customer by stating the commitment of the company to satisfy his needs and preventing such incidents from happening in the near future. The memo has also developed to include messages aimed at repairing the confidence of the customer. This has been achieved by assurance the customer that the company was making commitments to fix the problem in the shortest time possible. I have also been able to reduce the number of words by focusing on making the memo precise and straight to the point.I gained a number of insights with regards to business writing. For instance, I was able to address a complaint letter by addressing the claim of the customer and later on repairing his confidence. I promised the customer that our organization was going to provide assistance and that we valued his concerns. The assignment also helped me identify and appreciate the need to have my peers and tutor go through my writing so as to ensure that er rors are identified and corrected at an early stage. My peers and tutor read over my work and made comments on the mistakes they had identified in my writings. The teacher played a very significant role in improving my writing skills by identifying mistakes and suggesting ways of correcting them. I will be considering what the reader wants to hear before writing any business letter or proposal. This will involve a complete focus on the relevant information that will satisfy the needs of the reader rather than addressing my personal needs. (Kuiper 140). 2. Samples of your work (â€Å"before and after†) with reflections: Persuasive Message Memo To: Roger Lee roger.lee@rotstein.com From: Mike Jones mike.jones@educatesolution.ca Subject: Re: Training Session Appointment—YourUni We apologize for the inconvenience caused by the training session appointment with our trainer Angela Flight on August 20th. We received your email and immediately contacted Ms. Flight regarding the issue. However, we discovered that there was a mismatch with the dates of appointment with our trainer. Company records indicated that your appointment was scheduled for 27th instead of 21st of August. However, we sincerely apologize for all the inconvenience we have caused your institution. We have made arrangements with our trainer that we

Theodore Roosevelt's philosophy of government and the programs of his Term Paper

Theodore Roosevelt's philosophy of government and the programs of his administration - Term Paper Example These images have been a long time inspiration to both the normal and disabled individuals in the country. This inspiration rather provided them more than the want to be something or at least someone who is worth the life that they were given, it also pushed them to work harder for their country. This was a very important piece of inspirational motivation to the people during the mid-20th century. Basically, people then were undergoing a huge series of social turmoil given the fact that they were passing through times of economic great depression and that of the second world war, when for so many colonies of imperialist countries such as Spain, America stood to be one of the independent giving bodies who continuously push for the establishment of democracy in the world. Yes, in physical approach, Theodore Roosevelt may have been perceived to be weak, but with the strategic utilization of his mind powers and the cooperation that the American people were readily able to provide him as support to his governance and his administrational platform that he would like to apply not only for the better standing of his own country but also for the recovery of those other government administrations of smaller countries to whom he and his administration has given independence to. 2 One of the peak issues during Theordore Roosevelt’s Presidency in America was that of the great depression that paved way to huge unemployment issues and less finances to use for the basic needs of the people. Through the establishment of the National Recovery Administration (NRA), President Roosevelt was rather able to create the necessary programs needed to produce a more systematic way of differing the situations of the country from the downfall that it is expected to face as the years of great depression was ready to take part of. The institution of this approach to the great depression provided a more instituting system that gives a chance to

Difference Between CML and SML Essay Example for Free

Difference Between CML and SML Essay CML stands for Capital Market Line, and SML stands for Security Market Line. The CML is a line that is used to show the rates of return, which depends on risk-free rates of return and levels of risk for a specific portfolio. SML, which is also called a Characteristic Line, is a graphical representation of the market’s risk and return at a given time. One of the differences between CML and SML, is how the risk factors are measured. While standard deviation is the measure of risk for CML, Beta coefficient determines the risk factors of the SML. The CML measures the risk through standard deviation, or through a total risk factor. On the other hand, the SML measures the risk through beta, which helps to find the security’s risk contribution for the portfolio. While the Capital Market Line graphs define efficient portfolios, the Security Market Line graphs define both efficient and non-efficient portfolios. While calculating the returns, the expected return of the portfolio for CML is shown along the Y- axis. On the contrary, for SML, the return of the securities is shown along the Y-axis. The standard deviation of the portfolio is shown along the X-axis for CML, whereas, the Beta of security is shown along the X-axis for SML. Where the market portfolio and risk free assets are determined by the CML, all security factors are determined by the SML. Unlike the Capital Market Line, the Security Market Line shows the expected returns of individual assets. The CML determines the risk or return for efficient portfolios, and the SML demonstrates the risk or return for individual stocks. Well, the Capital Market Line is considered to be superior when measuring the risk factors. Summary: 1. The CML is a line that is used to show the rates of return, which depends on risk-free rates of return and levels of risk for a specific portfolio. SML, which is also called a Characteristic Line, is a graphical representation of the market’s risk and return at a given time. 2. While standard deviation is the measure of risk in CML, Beta coefficient determines the risk factors of the SML. 3. While the Capital Market Line graphs define efficient portfolios, the Security Market Line graphs define both efficient and non-efficient portfolios. 4. The Capital Market Line is considered to be superior when measuring the risk factors. 5. Where the  market portfolio and risk free assets are determined by the CML, all security factors are determined by the SML.

Internet Censorship Essay - Internet Spamming and Censorship

Internet Spamming and Censorship      Ã‚  Ã‚   Not long ago, a manager of a giant Texas-based company wanted to sell his boat. In the old days, he would have posted a notice and a snapshot on the bulletin board in the employee lounge. This being the Nineties, he e-mailed everyone in the company a description of his boat's features and attached, of course, a few full-color images of the boat. As a result, his company's e-mail network crashed.    Incidents like this occur because massive e-mailings, especially with high-quality graphics, employ more bandwidth than the network allows. The fact is that a 15-second transmission of a high-quality video on the web (the multimedia aspect of the Internet) takes as much bandwidth as it would take to transmit the text of War and Peace.    The boat-marketing disaster is an example of what is known as internal spamming. The etymology of this new verb, to spam, is unclear. Most experts say its namesake is the canned lunchmeat. Others attribute it to the Monty Python routine about mindless offerings. In either case, spamming is the act of sending unsolicited, mass-distributed junk e-mail.    Spamming has arisen spontaneously as an outgrowth of the fact that transmission costs on the web have been reduced to almost zero. When spammers hit users with thousands of copies of the same message, havoc is wreaked. When massive e-mailing clogs users' incoming mail, the affected ones are not only the targeted users but also everyone else on their network. Frequent delays can cause deadlines to be missed, and businesses to go under.    Within an organization, abuse of technology is controllable by establishing explicit company policy and enforcing it with strict sanctions. How... ...a) introduced a complex bill called The Unsolicited Commercial E-mail Choice Act, and Rep. Chris Smith (R., N.J.) has proposed a simple amendment to the existing law pertaining to junk faxes. The problem is that legislation only addresses the symptoms; it does not cure the disease. The observance of rules of conduct is effective only when there is common agreement in a society.    The Internet business has the unique characteristic of having no resource monopoly power; hence, it poses no threat to users' choices and freedom. Any attempt to regulate the Internet market through censorship of its pornographic tendencies will be met with considerable anti-christian sentiment, and it faces an uphill fight.    WORKS CITED: "C.N. Enterprises"  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://www.jmls.edu/cyber/cases/flowers1.html "Communications Decency Act"  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://www.epic.org/cda/

Case Study: Developmental Reading

The article attempted to explicate how originative activities for 3rd twelvemonth high school pupils affect their critical thought accomplishments. Comparing two groups, the Instruction with Creative Activities ( ICA ) and the Instruction with No Creative Activities ( INCA ) , the survey expected the ICA group to hold higher mean tonss and average additions in their Chemistry Test for Higher Order Thinking Skills ( ChemTHOTS ) and in their pretest to posttest severally. Although, findings suggest that there are no important differences between both groups ‘ average trial tonss, it made a distinguishing suggestion that activities given to each group should hold been more varied.Creative ThinkingCritical ThinkingThere have been surveies that tried to associate creativeness with critical thought, nevertheless most findings do non demo direct grounds to back up this theory. Recommendations range from carry oning more probes on the topic every bit good as lengthening survey period f or which the research will be conducted. On the other manus, surveies besides show that usage of varied originative techniques do assist pupils develop their imaginativeness. Imagination being a clear usage of mental procedures manner beyond the usual stretching of the encephalon. Imagination here can so be linked to perspective pickings and reflective thought which are considered high order believing accomplishments. As kids put themselves in different scenarios, find ways to work out jobs and visualise certain constructs, they do tap on this really rich encephalon activity that really provides footing for better apprehension and critical thought. We can state that every bit originative thought explores assorted appraising actions, critical thought, in bend, plays with taking different scenarios. The blending of these procedures ( as shown from the image I shared on the earlier page ) are manifested when we try to see a job and come up with several ways to work out it or when we try to understand a individual, a narrative or a state of affairs, and put ourselves in different positions. This is most apparent during drama when kids try to research illimitable boundaries and when kids come up with a creative activity that they are proud to name their ain. In a schoolroom scene, an of import end is to accomplish literacy, a solid apprehension of constructs, every bit good as to prolong acquisition, its different signifiers and degrees. However, this is a really delicate and complicated effort that entails an synergistic attack from the instructor and a response from the scholar. Therefore doing the acquisition procedure, a duty of all the cardinal participants. And aside from the traditional stiff methods, there are assorted ways to accomplish these ends. For the intent of this survey, methods that promote originative thought like art, drama and games are proposed. Concretely, a lesson on Shakespearean dramas can be made more colourful if alternatively of inquiring pupils to memorise and discourse lines, they would come up with their ain rendering of a peculiar scene. A lesson on the Solar System can be made more meaningful if alternatively of merely inquiring pupils to memorise the different planets and come up with a theoretical acco unt, they could feign to be going from one planet to another and from each planet they are to direct a post card depicting about their location and their stay at that place. And a lesson on the different states of Africa can be made more unerasable if alternatively of merely being able to turn up them on the map, they would larn a peculiar dance move and associate that with a state, and so likely come up with their ain States of Africa dance. The survey is most relevant as it is the epoch when scholars want to be more involved with the acquisition procedure. They want hands-on, application and pattern. It is besides the clip when it is extremely encouraged for the pedagogues to tailor-fit their lessons to varied scholars with every bit diverse acquisition manners. It is now a call to pedagogues to prolong their acquisition and to react with methods that are perfect lucifer to their acquisition demands. And in the hunt for these methods, we find ways to tap on higher degrees of thought accomplishments, supplying our pupils with unmeasurable instruction. As pedagogues, we ourselves are front line drives in prosecuting this way for our scholars. We must prosecute them in the acquisition procedure by supplying them with instructional schemes and methods that let them really grasp what they are seeking to understand. We should non restrict their heads but instead allow them research the universe. And as they go about this geographic expedition, we ourselves should be with them and continuously open our heads and do our universe even richer, paving the manner for our pupils. We can ne'er be the designers of the workings of our pupil ‘s heads. I learned this the difficult manner while take a firm standing to my so biennial old male child that he should larn about and joint back the life rhythm of a butterfly. The lone things I got out of that episode were painful cryings and letdown with myself. I should hold waited for him to be ready and it would hold been best had I tried to look for ways to offend his involvement and inventive accomplishments foremost. All we can make truly is non to plan their heads but design lessons they can bit by bit absorb with much enthusiasm and through assorted experiences. As a parent and a future pre-school pedagogue, I should besides maintain in head that my kids will be turning up reasonably fast. Each twenty-four hours is a learning twenty-four hours and there truly is no turning back. I should do the most out of the clip I am given with them. I should ever be able to come up with a great lesson, ever luring their involvement and ever doing certain that they leave the category experiencing proud of themselves for making something. I should assist them utilize their heads in many different ways, ever with the end for them to larn something new. And that, they arrive at such larning non merely through ground, but more significantly, with a great trade of sentiment and imaginativeness.

Causes of Road Accidents in Pakistan

J. Asian Dev. Stud, Vol. 1, Issue 1, (March 2012). ISSN 2304-375X Causes of Road Accidents in Pakistan By Abdul Manan Khan1 and Ansa Tehreem2 Abstract Every day many people are killed and injured on our roads. Men, women, children, biking or riding to school or work, playing in the streets or setting out on long trips, will never return home, leaving behind shattered families and communities. Road traffic injuries are a growing public health issue, disproportionately affecting vulnerable groups of road users, specially the poor.Main causes which are found behind these road accidents are lack of training institutes, unskilled drivers, poor road conditions, use of cell phone during driving, use of intoxicants, over loading and poor performance of government in this regard. If these issues are tackled in a manner way then it can positively affect the social and economic conditions of the residents of developing countries. Key Words: Public Health, Road Accidents, Traffic Accidents 1. In troduction and Literature Review The growth and development of a nation depends, largely, upon the capacity of its transport system to move persons and goods to desired locations safety.In Pakistani society, nuclear family system is very common. Here, it is like a trend that one or two members of family earn the money and other family members heavily depend on them. In developing countries, like Pakistan, roads often carry a wide range of users – from heavy goods-vehicles to bicycles and pedestrians without any separation. Road traffic accidents (RTA) are a significant, cause of any disability, death and economic loss in developing countries like Pakistan. Among the pedestrians, the most vulnerable are those young people who play an important part in the socio-economic growth of the country.In Pakistan, male proportion play dominant role to run their families economically, so they have to face more problems like injuries and disability. Every day many people are killed and in jured on our roads. Men, women, children, biking or riding to school or work, playing in the streets or setting out on long trips, will never return home, leaving behind shattered families and communities. Road traffic injuries are a growing public health issue, disproportionately affecting vulnerable groups of road users, specially the poor.Road traffic injuries are a major but neglected global public health problem, requiring concerted efforts for effective and sustainable avoidance. Worldwide, the number of people killed in road traffic crashes each year is estimated at almost 1. 2 million, while the number injured could be as high as 50 million (WHO, 2004). In economic terms, the cost of road crash injuries is projected at roughly 1% of gross national product (GNP) in low-income countries, 1. 5% in middle-income countries and 2% in high-income countries (Soderlund,1995).The economic cost of road crashes and injuries is estimated to be over Rs100 billion for Pakistan (Ahmad, 2008 ). 1 Graduate, Department of Sociology,University of Gujrat, Gujrat. 2 Graduate, University of the Punjab, Lahore 23 J. Asian Dev. Stud, Vol. 1, Issue 1, (March 2012). ISSN 2304-375X Lower socio-economic groups have limited access to post-crash emergency health care (Mock, etal1997). In Pakistan also, a large portion of population has also limited access to post-crash emergency health care which causes a precious loss of lives.In many developing countries, the costs of prolonged medical care, the loss of the family breadwinner, the cost of a funeral, and the loss of income due to disability can push families into poverty (Hijar etal 2003). In developing countries, the population groups exposed to the highest risks of injury and death from road crashes, pedestrians and users of motorized two-wheelers – are from lower socioeconomic groups (Nantulya, 2003 and Ghaffar A, 2004). In Mexico, the second commonest cause of children being orphaned is traffic crashes (Hijar etal, 2003). Pakistan is also a developing country where a large number of people die every because of the road-side accidents. Especially death proportion of pedestrians and motorcyclists are very high which mostly belong to lower socio-economic groups of society. Recent studies have shown that pedestrians and motorcyclists have the highest rates of injury in Asia (Yang,etal 2003 and Suriyanwongpaisal etal 2003). In Pakistan Incidence of road traffic injuries was 15. 0 (including minor injuries) per 1,000 persons per year (Ghaffar etal 2004). If we use this rate in 2008 it will be in millions. The burden of injury is unequal.More boys are injured than girls, and children from poorer families have higher rates of injury. In 2002, males accounted for 73% of all road traffic deaths, with an overall rate almost three times that for females: 27. 6 per 100 000 population and 10. 4 per 100 000 population, respectively (WHO, 2004). Pakistan is a patriarchal society, where most of the time male family m embers are the primary source of income. So, the higher rate of road traffic deaths among men, can even more severely affect the socio-economic status of the family as well as the whole social structure of the society.In Pakistan, among males of the economically active age group accidental death rate is very high, and also according to the study, motor vehicle injuries are the third most important cause of death in developing countries. (Soderlund 1995). It is projected that RTA will be the second most common cause of disability-adjusted life years in developing countries in the year 2020 (Murray, 1997). Road traffic crashes can place a heavy burden on the family and friends of the injured person. According to WHO estimates for 2002, there were 180500 children killed as the result of road crashes.Some 97% of these child road deaths occurred in low-income and middle-income countries (WHO, 2004). There are many factors which cause the accidents. The motorized traffic on these roads is capable of high acceleration and speed, both key factors in the causes of road crash injury. Most of the factors of traffic accidents are the driver, the highway and motor vehicles (Aaron ,1990, Balogun etal,1992; Luby etal,1997 and Mock etal,1999). Majority of road users including motorists and pedestrians lack road sense, leading to frequent road accidents and continued traffic jams across the country.Some other research evidence also indicates that the human element is responsible for 80 to 85% of all traffic accidents. Traffic violations, driving while intoxicated and lack of driving courtesy are the results of human actions. Unsafe highway and road conditions cause about 10% of all traffic accidents while mechanical deficiencies are responsible for nearly 5% of all traffic problems (Aaron,1990; Collier, 1983; American Automobile Association, 1988; Mc Glade, 1980).Traffic violations like signal crossing, driving without license, wrong parking, usage of mobile phones while drivi ng, wrong overtaking, disregard of zebra crossing, riding motorbikes without lights and helmets, 24 J. Asian Dev. Stud, Vol. 1, Issue 1, (March 2012). ISSN 2304-375X over-speeding, change of lane sans using indicators are so common in Pakistan which are the major cause of accident in our society. 2. Data Collection and Methodology This study is based on primary data which is collected from people belongs to transportation system and drivers of LTV, HTV, motorcyclist and pedestrians.For this purpose 100 cases were selected from the universe as described by Neumann (1997). Data is collected via discussion and questionnaire on causes of road accidents and its aspects from each side. 3. Data Analysis On the basis of primary data, when we ask to respondents about the main reason behind road accidents then 40% of the respondents answer that ignorance of traffic rules is the main reason of road accidents. While 32% respondents answer that rash driving and 28% of the view that untrained dri vers are the cause of road accidents.This whole issue is shown in table 1. Table 1. Reasons of Road Accidents Percent Cumulative Percent Ignorance of traffic rules 40. 0 40. 0 Rash driving 32. 0 72. 0 Untrained drivers 28. 0 100. 0 Total 100. 0 When we put the question that is poor conditions of roads is responsible for accidents then 44% of the respondents answer that to some extent poor conditions of roads cause accidents and 32% people response that yes, poor condition of roads is responsible and all is shown in table 2. Table 2. Is Poor Condition of Roads Responsible for Accidents PercentCumulative Percent Yes 32. 0 32. 0 No 24. 0 56. 0 To some extent 44. 0 100. 0 Total 100. 0 25 J. Asian Dev. Stud, Vol. 1, Issue 1, (March 2012). ISSN 2304-375X Our next question highlight another burning issue that 68% of the road accidents occur due to untrained/ unskilled drivers while only 12% of the respondents view that unskilled drivers are not responsible, which is shown in table 3. Table 3. Accidents Occur Due to Unskilled Drivers Percent Cumulative Percent Yes 68. 0 68. 0 No 12. 0 80. 0 To some extent 20. 0 100. 0 Total 100. 0In most of the parts of the country, one wheeling occurs by young people on roads and 76% of the respondents view that this cause road accidents while only 4% of the respondents answer that one wheeling is not a cause of accidents. Table 4 shows detailed data on this issue. Table 4. Is One Wheeling Causes Accidents Percent Cumulative Percent Yes 76. 0 76. 0 No 4. 0 80. 0 To some extent 20. 0 100. 0 Total 100. 0 Use of cell phones during driving cause road accidents and government take measures to avoid cell phone and there is some penalty.The 52% of the respondents answers that use of cell phone during driving cause accidents while 40% answer to some extent it cause, only 8% view that cell phone is not the cause of road accidents. This is shown in detail in table 5. Table 5. Is Use of Cell Phone Causes Road Accidents Percent Cumulative Percen t Yes 52. 0 52. 0 No 8. 0 60. 0 To some extent 40. 0 100. 0 26 J. Asian Dev. Stud, Vol. 1, Issue 1, (March 2012). ISSN 2304-375X Total 100. 0 Another issue was raised when we ask a question from respondents that are use of drugs during driving cause road accidents.The answer was astonished us that only 4% of the respondents view that drugs is not a cause of accidents while 72% and 24% response yes and to some extent, respectively. As shown in table 6 below. Table 6. Use of Drugs during Driving Cause Accidents Percent Cumulative Percent Yes 72. 0 72. 0 No 4. 0 76. 0 To some extent 24. 0 100. 0 Total 100. 0 Overloading is another cause of road accidents and respondents answer that overloading is the cause of road accidents as shown in table 7. Table 7. Is Overloading Causes Road Accidents Percent Cumulative Percent Yes 40. 0 40. 0 No 4. 0 44. 0 To some extent 6. 0 100. 0 Total 100. 0 The literacy rate in Pakistan is low which relates with road accidents because most of the drivers are illiterate and can’t read anything even helping booklet/ safety guides on roads. The 72% of the respondents answer that lack of awareness about driving rules and other safety measures is the cause of road accidents. Only 8% of the respondents view that it is not a cause of road accidents and all this is shown in table 8. Table 8. Is Lack of Awareness Causes Road Accidents 27 J. Asian Dev. Stud, Vol. 1, Issue 1, (March 2012). ISSN 2304-375X Percent Cumulative Percent Yes 2. 0 72. 0 No 8. 0 80. 0 To some extent 20. 0 100. 0 Total 100. 0 Above all information explains the causes of road accidents but now we have collected some information about the role of different administrative institutes in overcoming these issues. When we ask about role of government in reducing the ratio of accidents then 40% of the respondents are of the view that government is playing poor role and there is need to improve its role. 28% respondents answer that its role is satisfactory while only 8% resp onse that government is playing excellent role, detail about this is given in table 9.Table 9. Role of Govt. in Reducing Traffic Accidents Percent Cumulative Percent Excellent 8. 0 8. 0 Very good 24. 0 32. 0 Satisfactory 28. 0 60. 0 Poor 40. 0 100. 0 Total 100. 0 The role of traffic police in reducing the road accidents is better and 52% of the respondents show satisfactory role of traffic police while 24% answers very good. So the overall role of traffic police is good but the problem exists when we make a comparison between roads and number of police servants. Only 8% of the respondents answer that traffic police is playing poor role, which is shown in table 10.Table 10. Role of Traffic Police in Reducing Traffic Accidents Percent Cumulative Percent Excellent 16. 0 16. 0 Very good 24. 0 40. 0 Satisfactory 52. 0 92. 0 28 J. Asian Dev. Stud, Vol. 1, Issue 1, (March 2012). ISSN 2304-375X Poor 8. 0 100. 0 Total 100. 0 Conclusion The main objective of this paper is to highlight the mai n causes of road accidents in Pakistan. On the basis of primary data we conclude the paper as following. The main reason of traffic accidents is due to lack of awareness about rules and regulation, so there is need of institutes for awareness about these rules.Government may create awareness in public by offering different courses in educational institutes and also distribute some material for drivers and for general public also. Government needs to make some core courses/ training before the provision of license and traffic police should keep strong check and balance in this regard. Another problem which causes road accidents is overloading, use of cell phone during driving and drugs addiction by majority of the drivers. These all issues can be solved by creating awareness and by applying some penalty to defaulters.These are not serious issues and easily solved by the strong system of check and balance by any administrative authority. By overcoming on these causes we can save a lot of benefits in the shape of monetary and non-monetary terms. In a nut shell, we say that road accidents are playing prominent role in the families of victims of traffic accidents which is the loss of property on one side while death of humanity is on the other hand. These both can through a family into a vicious circle of poverty and then it impacts on the overall economy.So need of the day is to take some encouraging steps by public side and individuals side also. References ? A Resource Curriculum in Driver and Traffic Safety Education, (1990), Washington D. C. Automative Safety Foundation. ? Aaron, J. E. and Strasser, M. K. , (1990), Driver and Traffic Safety Education, London: The Macmillan Company. ? Ahmad, B. , (2006), Country Report on Road Network in Pakistan, Ministry of Communications, Islambad. ? Balogun, J. , A. Abereoje, (1992), Pattern of Road Traffic Accidents cases in a Nigerian University Teaching Hospital between: 1987 and 1990, Journal of Tropical Medicine 95: 23 -29. Collier, J. P, (1983), Automotive Safety Education London, Macmillan Publishers. 29 J. Asian Dev. Stud, Vol. 1, Issue 1, (March 2012). ISSN 2304-375X ? Ghaffar, A. , Hyder A. A. and Masud, T. I. , (2004), The burden of road traffic injuries in developing countries: the 1st National Injury Survey of Pakistan Public Health. ? Hijar, M. , Vazquez-Vela, E, Arreola-Risa, (2003), Pedestrian traffic injuries in Mexico: a country update. Injury Control and Safety Promotion. 10:37–43 ? McGlade, F, (1980), Adjustive Behaviour and Safety Performance Sringfield, Illinois: Carl of C.Thomas Publisher. ? Mock, C. , Amegashie J. and Darteh, K, (1999), Role of Commercial Drivers in motor vehicle related injuries in Ghana. Inj. Prev 5: 268-271 ? Mock, C. N. , nii-Amon-Kotei D. , and Maier, R. V. , (1997), Low utilization of formal medical services by injured persons in a developing nation: health service data underestimate the importance of trauma. Journal of Trauma. 42:504–513. ? Murray, CJL, Lopez A. D. , (1997), Alternative projections of mortality and disability by cause 1990-2020: Global Burden of Disease Study. Lancet . 349:1498504. Nantulya, V. M. , and Reich M. R. , (2003), Equity dimensions of road traffic injuries in low and middle-income countries: Injury Control and Safety Promotion. 10:13–20. ? Neumann, W. L. , (1997), Social Research Methods, Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches, Allyss and Bacon, USA. ? Peden M, McGee K, and Sharma G, (2002), The injury chart book: a graphical overview of the global burden of injuries. Geneva, World Health Organization. ? Peden, M. , Scurfield, R. , et al (2004), World Report on Traffic Injuries Prevention; Geneva, WHO ? Soderlund N, Zwi A. B. (1995), Traffic related mortality in industrialized and less developed countries. BuU World Health Organ. 73:175-82. ? Stutts, Hunter. , (1999), Motor Vehicle and Roadway factors in pedestrians and Bicyclist injuries. Accd Aral Prev. 31:505-514. ? Suriyanwongpai sal, P. , and Kanchanasut S, (2003), Road traffic injuries in Thailand: trends, selected underlying determinants and status of intervention. Injury Control and Safety Promotion. 10:95–104. ? Yang, B. M. , and Kim J. , (2003), Road traffic accidents and policy interventions in Korea. Injury control and Safety Promotion. 0:89–93. ? www. makeroadssafe. org ? www. prb. org/Articles/2006/RoadTrafficAccidentsIncreaseDramaticallyWorldwide. aspx ? www. asiaone. com/News/Latest%2BNews/Asia/Story/A1Story20080719-77661. html ? www. dawn. com/2008/04/27/nat16. htm ? www. dailymailnews. com/200802/13/news/dmboxitem2. html ? www. dawn. com/2008/04/27/nat16. htm ? www. statpak. gov. pkJ. Asian Dev. Stud, Vol. 1, Issue 1, (March 2012). ISSN 2304-375X Causes of Road Accidents in Pakistan By Abdul Manan Khan1 and Ansa Tehreem2 Abstract Every day many people are killed and injured on our roads.Men, women, children, biking or riding to school or work, playing in the streets or setting out on long trips, will never return home, leaving behind shattered families and communities. Road traffic injuries are a growing public health issue, disproportionately affecting vulnerable groups of road users, specially the poor. Main causes which are found behind these road accidents are lack of training institutes, unskilled drivers, poor road conditions, use of cell phone during driving, use of intoxicants, over loading and poor performance of government in this regard.If these issues are tackled in a manner way then it can positively affect the social and economic conditions of the residents of developing countries. Key Words: Public Health, Road Accidents, Traffic Accidents 1. Introduction and Literature Review The growth and development of a nation depends, largely, upon the capacity of its transport system to move persons and goods to desired locations safety. In Pakistani society, nuclear family system is very common. Here, it is like a trend that one or two members of famil y earn the money and other family members heavily depend on them.In developing countries, like Pakistan, roads often carry a wide range of users – from heavy goods-vehicles to bicycles and pedestrians without any separation. Road traffic accidents (RTA) are a significant, cause of any disability, death and economic loss in developing countries like Pakistan. Among the pedestrians, the most vulnerable are those young people who play an important part in the socio-economic growth of the country. In Pakistan, male proportion play dominant role to run their families economically, so they have to face more problems like injuries and disability. Every day many people are killed and injured on our roads.Men, women, children, biking or riding to school or work, playing in the streets or setting out on long trips, will never return home, leaving behind shattered families and communities. Road traffic injuries are a growing public health issue, disproportionately affecting vulnerable g roups of road users, specially the poor. Road traffic injuries are a major but neglected global public health problem, requiring concerted efforts for effective and sustainable avoidance. Worldwide, the number of people killed in road traffic crashes each year is estimated at almost 1. 2 million, while the number injured could be as high as 50 million (WHO, 2004).In economic terms, the cost of road crash injuries is projected at roughly 1% of gross national product (GNP) in low-income countries, 1. 5% in middle-income countries and 2% in high-income countries (Soderlund,1995). The economic cost of road crashes and injuries is estimated to be over Rs100 billion for Pakistan (Ahmad, 2008). 1 Graduate, Department of Sociology,University of Gujrat, Gujrat. 2 Graduate, University of the Punjab, Lahore 23 J. Asian Dev. Stud, Vol. 1, Issue 1, (March 2012). ISSN 2304-375X Lower socio-economic groups have limited access to post-crash emergency health care (Mock, etal1997).In Pakistan also, a large portion of population has also limited access to post-crash emergency health care which causes a precious loss of lives. In many developing countries, the costs of prolonged medical care, the loss of the family breadwinner, the cost of a funeral, and the loss of income due to disability can push families into poverty (Hijar etal 2003). In developing countries, the population groups exposed to the highest risks of injury and death from road crashes, pedestrians and users of motorized two-wheelers – are from lower socioeconomic groups (Nantulya, 2003 and Ghaffar A, 2004).In Mexico, the second commonest cause of children being orphaned is traffic crashes (Hijar etal, 2003). Pakistan is also a developing country where a large number of people die every because of the road-side accidents. Especially death proportion of pedestrians and motorcyclists are very high which mostly belong to lower socio-economic groups of society. Recent studies have shown that pedestrians and mot orcyclists have the highest rates of injury in Asia (Yang,etal 2003 and Suriyanwongpaisal etal 2003). In Pakistan Incidence of road traffic injuries was 15. (including minor injuries) per 1,000 persons per year (Ghaffar etal 2004). If we use this rate in 2008 it will be in millions. The burden of injury is unequal. More boys are injured than girls, and children from poorer families have higher rates of injury. In 2002, males accounted for 73% of all road traffic deaths, with an overall rate almost three times that for females: 27. 6 per 100 000 population and 10. 4 per 100 000 population, respectively (WHO, 2004). Pakistan is a patriarchal society, where most of the time male family members are the primary source of income.So, the higher rate of road traffic deaths among men, can even more severely affect the socio-economic status of the family as well as the whole social structure of the society. In Pakistan, among males of the economically active age group accidental death rate is very high, and also according to the study, motor vehicle injuries are the third most important cause of death in developing countries. (Soderlund 1995). It is projected that RTA will be the second most common cause of disability-adjusted life years in developing countries in the year 2020 (Murray, 1997).Road traffic crashes can place a heavy burden on the family and friends of the injured person. According to WHO estimates for 2002, there were 180500 children killed as the result of road crashes. Some 97% of these child road deaths occurred in low-income and middle-income countries (WHO, 2004). There are many factors which cause the accidents. The motorized traffic on these roads is capable of high acceleration and speed, both key factors in the causes of road crash injury. Most of the factors of traffic accidents are the driver, the highway and motor vehicles (Aaron ,1990, Balogun etal,1992; Luby etal,1997 and Mock etal,1999).Majority of road users including motorists and pedestr ians lack road sense, leading to frequent road accidents and continued traffic jams across the country. Some other research evidence also indicates that the human element is responsible for 80 to 85% of all traffic accidents. Traffic violations, driving while intoxicated and lack of driving courtesy are the results of human actions. Unsafe highway and road conditions cause about 10% of all traffic accidents while mechanical deficiencies are responsible for nearly 5% of all traffic problems (Aaron,1990; Collier, 1983; American Automobile Association, 1988; Mc Glade, 1980).Traffic violations like signal crossing, driving without license, wrong parking, usage of mobile phones while driving, wrong overtaking, disregard of zebra crossing, riding motorbikes without lights and helmets, 24 J. Asian Dev. Stud, Vol. 1, Issue 1, (March 2012). ISSN 2304-375X over-speeding, change of lane sans using indicators are so common in Pakistan which are the major cause of accident in our society. 2. Dat a Collection and Methodology This study is based on primary data which is collected from people belongs to transportation system and drivers of LTV, HTV, motorcyclist and pedestrians.For this purpose 100 cases were selected from the universe as described by Neumann (1997). Data is collected via discussion and questionnaire on causes of road accidents and its aspects from each side. 3. Data Analysis On the basis of primary data, when we ask to respondents about the main reason behind road accidents then 40% of the respondents answer that ignorance of traffic rules is the main reason of road accidents. While 32% respondents answer that rash driving and 28% of the view that untrained drivers are the cause of road accidents.This whole issue is shown in table 1. Table 1. Reasons of Road Accidents Percent Cumulative Percent Ignorance of traffic rules 40. 0 40. 0 Rash driving 32. 0 72. 0 Untrained drivers 28. 0 100. 0 Total 100. 0 When we put the question that is poor conditions of roads i s responsible for accidents then 44% of the respondents answer that to some extent poor conditions of roads cause accidents and 32% people response that yes, poor condition of roads is responsible and all is shown in table 2. Table 2. Is Poor Condition of Roads Responsible for Accidents PercentCumulative Percent Yes 32. 0 32. 0 No 24. 0 56. 0 To some extent 44. 0 100. 0 Total 100. 0 25 J. Asian Dev. Stud, Vol. 1, Issue 1, (March 2012). ISSN 2304-375X Our next question highlight another burning issue that 68% of the road accidents occur due to untrained/ unskilled drivers while only 12% of the respondents view that unskilled drivers are not responsible, which is shown in table 3. Table 3. Accidents Occur Due to Unskilled Drivers Percent Cumulative Percent Yes 68. 0 68. 0 No 12. 0 80. 0 To some extent 20. 0 100. 0 Total 100. 0In most of the parts of the country, one wheeling occurs by young people on roads and 76% of the respondents view that this cause road accidents while only 4% of the respondents answer that one wheeling is not a cause of accidents. Table 4 shows detailed data on this issue. Table 4. Is One Wheeling Causes Accidents Percent Cumulative Percent Yes 76. 0 76. 0 No 4. 0 80. 0 To some extent 20. 0 100. 0 Total 100. 0 Use of cell phones during driving cause road accidents and government take measures to avoid cell phone and there is some penalty.The 52% of the respondents answers that use of cell phone during driving cause accidents while 40% answer to some extent it cause, only 8% view that cell phone is not the cause of road accidents. This is shown in detail in table 5. Table 5. Is Use of Cell Phone Causes Road Accidents Percent Cumulative Percent Yes 52. 0 52. 0 No 8. 0 60. 0 To some extent 40. 0 100. 0 26 J. Asian Dev. Stud, Vol. 1, Issue 1, (March 2012). ISSN 2304-375X Total 100. 0 Another issue was raised when we ask a question from respondents that are use of drugs during driving cause road accidents.The answer was astonished us that only 4% of the respondents view that drugs is not a cause of accidents while 72% and 24% response yes and to some extent, respectively. As shown in table 6 below. Table 6. Use of Drugs during Driving Cause Accidents Percent Cumulative Percent Yes 72. 0 72. 0 No 4. 0 76. 0 To some extent 24. 0 100. 0 Total 100. 0 Overloading is another cause of road accidents and respondents answer that overloading is the cause of road accidents as shown in table 7. Table 7. Is Overloading Causes Road Accidents Percent Cumulative PercentYes 40. 0 40. 0 No 4. 0 44. 0 To some extent 56. 0 100. 0 Total 100. 0 The literacy rate in Pakistan is low which relates with road accidents because most of the drivers are illiterate and can’t read anything even helping booklet/ safety guides on roads. The 72% of the respondents answer that lack of awareness about driving rules and other safety measures is the cause of road accidents. Only 8% of the respondents view that it is not a cause of road accidents and all this is shown in table 8. Table 8. Is Lack of Awareness Causes Road Accidents 7 J. Asian Dev. Stud, Vol. 1, Issue 1, (March 2012). ISSN 2304-375X Percent Cumulative Percent Yes 72. 0 72. 0 No 8. 0 80. 0 To some extent 20. 0 100. 0 Total 100. 0 Above all information explains the causes of road accidents but now we have collected some information about the role of different administrative institutes in overcoming these issues. When we ask about role of government in reducing the ratio of accidents then 40% of the respondents are of the view that government is playing poor role and there is need to improve its role. 8% respondents answer that its role is satisfactory while only 8% response that government is playing excellent role, detail about this is given in table 9. Table 9. Role of Govt. in Reducing Traffic Accidents Percent Cumulative Percent Excellent 8. 0 8. 0 Very good 24. 0 32. 0 Satisfactory 28. 0 60. 0 Poor 40. 0 100. 0 Total 100. 0 The role of traffic police in reducing t he road accidents is better and 52% of the respondents show satisfactory role of traffic police while 24% answers very good. So the overall role of traffic police is good but the problem exists when we make a comparison between roads and number of police servants.Only 8% of the respondents answer that traffic police is playing poor role, which is shown in table 10. Table 10. Role of Traffic Police in Reducing Traffic Accidents Percent Cumulative Percent Excellent 16. 0 16. 0 Very good 24. 0 40. 0 Satisfactory 52. 0 92. 0 28 J. Asian Dev. Stud, Vol. 1, Issue 1, (March 2012). ISSN 2304-375X Poor 8. 0 100. 0 Total 100. 0 Conclusion The main objective of this paper is to highlight the main causes of road accidents in Pakistan. On the basis of primary data we conclude the paper as following. The main reason of traffic accidents is due to lack of awareness bout rules and regulation, so there is need of institutes for awareness about these rules. Government may create awareness in public b y offering different courses in educational institutes and also distribute some material for drivers and for general public also. Government needs to make some core courses/ training before the provision of license and traffic police should keep strong check and balance in this regard. Another problem which causes road accidents is overloading, use of cell phone during driving and drugs addiction by majority of the drivers.These all issues can be solved by creating awareness and by applying some penalty to defaulters. These are not serious issues and easily solved by the strong system of check and balance by any administrative authority. By overcoming on these causes we can save a lot of benefits in the shape of monetary and non-monetary terms. In a nut shell, we say that road accidents are playing prominent role in the families of victims of traffic accidents which is the loss of property on one side while death of humanity is on the other hand.These both can through a family into a vicious circle of poverty and then it impacts on the overall economy. So need of the day is to take some encouraging steps by public side and individuals side also. References ? A Resource Curriculum in Driver and Traffic Safety Education, (1990), Washington D. C. Automative Safety Foundation. ? Aaron, J. E. and Strasser, M. K. , (1990), Driver and Traffic Safety Education, London: The Macmillan Company. ? Ahmad, B. , (2006), Country Report on Road Network in Pakistan, Ministry of Communications, Islambad. ? 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